On-map mortors

Rob Deans · December 22, 2000

So you think thus far Los has been talking out of his arse?

No, he knows what he is talking about. Some of the procedure he has outlined is not absolutely required but the meat and potatos are there.

Either a small mortar FO (2" for Brits, 60mm for US, I don't know what for Axis

Well I can speak for the 2". The weapon is not capable of indirest fire the same way that a mortar with a baseplate, bipod and sight is. If you've seen one, you'd understand why.

The reason why I asked about any direct experience with the mortars of the era is because I have the aquaintance of three mortarmen from the Second World War. They campaigned from Sicily right through to Holland, mortarmen all the way. They are a wealth of info on the subject, readily answer questions and are keen to pass on info about what they did.

Rob Deans

Radar · December 22, 2000

JaJa, I do speak from experience...I worked in the FDC for the USMC. I currently work as a surveyor (another part of the field). What he is suggesting is VERY complicated. The individual crew isn't likely to have the tools to calculate and execute an indirect fire mission. Now, direct sight firing is not the same , and crews have trainning in methods for ranging and direction. As for my book reference (I still can't recall the title , if someone could help please!), JaJa in it you will find several examples of mortor crews and how they deployed.

[This message has been edited by Radar (edited 12-21-2000).]

Monte99 · December 22, 2000

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>Originally posted by chrisl:

Now that I've given away the secrets, GB and Cuppajava are going to track me down and kill me.

Well, I hope they make it a merciful death, because I really appreciated that tip. For some reason I had been laboring under the assumption that mortars couldn't fire from the woods. Thx for clearing it up.

------------------

"Arms are my ornaments, warfare my repose." - Don Quixote

Jeff Duquette · December 22, 2000

Chapter 3

Tactical Employment

Section I. Organization for Combat

Organization for combat establishes command relationships and assigns the mortars a tactical mission. The unit leader organizes his mortars for combat to meet the needs of the unit as a whole and the needs of his subordinate units.

3101. Command Relationships. Command relationships define the interrelated responsibilities between commanders, as well as the authority of commanders in the chain of command. Two command relationships are used when organizing mortars for combat.

a. Organic. Organic means assigned to and forming an essential part of a military organization. Organic parts of a unit are those listed in its table of organization for the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and are assigned to the administrative organizations of the operating forces for the Navy (Joint Pub 1-02). The 81-mm mortar platoon is organic to the weapons company of the infantry battalion, the 60-mm mortar section is organic to the weapons platoon of the rifle company, and the 81-mm mortar section is organic to the LAR company.

b. Attached. Attach means the placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively temporary (Joint Pub 1-02). Attachments are established by task organization. Attachment may be used when a subordinate unit is operating beyond the effective range of the mortar (e.g., a patrol, an independent attack, or during the early phase of an amphibious operation). The subordinate unit commander normally exercises command and control responsibility to include tactical, administrative, and logistics support for the attached mortar unit. The battalion commander may chose to attach a portion of the 81-mm mortar platoon to a subordinate unit of the battalion or a company commander may chose to attach a portion of the mortar section to a subordinate platoon. This is the least desirable method of employment and is used only when the situation or terrain prevents adequate support if otherwise employed.

3102. Tactical Missions. Mortars are usually assigned a tactical mission of either general support (GS) or direct support (DS).

a. General Support. General support is that support which is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof (Joint Pub 1-02). Mortars assigned a GS mission support the entire unit (company mortars support the entire company or battalion mortars support the entire battalion) as directed by the commander. Employing mortars in GS provides the commander increased flexibility, better coordination of fires, more effective massed fire power, and the ability to achieve timely fires for effect. The commander can assign Priority of Fire (POF) to one of his supported subordinate units when utilizing the GS mission. POF normally goes to the main effort. POF means that all elements can still call for fire by the mortar platoon or section, but if there is a conflict between two fire missions, the element with POF will get its mission first. Forward Observers (FOs) operate with the supported units (companies or platoons) or are employed from an OP.

a. Direct Support. Direct Support is a mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance (Joint Pub 1-02). The entire battalion mortar platoon or company mortar section may be employed in DS of a specific element (rifle company or platoon). The supported commander controls the fires. The mortar unit retains responsibility for the tactical control of the supported unit. The mortar unit maintains liaison with the supported commander through the FO. At least one FO is employed with the supported unit. This relationship is normally assigned for a specific mission or period of time in an operation. The difference between DS and GS with a POF assigned is that the mortar unit with a DS mission positions itself to conform to the supported commanders plans.

Section II. Employment Techniques

The commander employs his mortars based on an analysis of the mission, the enemy, the terrain and weather, troops / fire support, and time available (METT-T). There is no mortar employment option that is routine; each has advantages and disadvantages. The company commander generally employs his 60-mm mortar section as a section, although a single mortar squad may be attached to a rifle platoon for a short time or a specific mission.

3201. Employment of the 81-mm Mortar Platoon. The battalion commander has three options for employing the 81-mm mortar platoon: by platoon, by section, or by squad(s).

a. Employment by Platoon. Under this employment option, the platoon operates from one or two firing positions and fires all mortars on each target. It can displace from its firing position either by echelon or as a complete platoon. If the platoon occupies two positions, the distance between mortar sections is limited primarily by the ability to cover the target area, the terrain, the enemy threat, and limits in command and control (for example, wire or radio limitations). The key is that all mortars must be able to engage the platoon’s assigned targets. Separated firing positions should not be so far apart as to prevent the effective control of both positions. Separating the sections must not prevent massing the fires of the platoon on a single target (See Table 3-1 for advantages and disadvantages of employing the mortar platoon from one or two positions).

(1) Massing fires requires the FDCs to compute data for each section on the same target. When speed is essential in engaging a certain target, the FDCs compute the fires of both sections on a single adjusting point. This produces a smaller, more concentrated sheaf in the target area. Registration and meteorological data improve the accuracy for the nonadjusted section.

(2) Both sections of the platoon can be located in the same area. This configuration increases the vulnerability of the platoon to being located and destroyed by enemy fire, but it enhances command and control of the platoon and local security.

(3) When employed by platoon, one FDC is normally the controlling FDC for the platoon. The controlling FDC is the mortar fire direction net control station. When the sections are firing from the same location, the other FDC follows along or rests to provide continuous operations. The controlling FDC issues the fire command designating the platoon, a section, or a squad to deliver fire. It also identifies the type of ammunition and the number of rounds to be fired.

(4) When the sections are separated, each FDC section prepares the firing data for its section. However, one FDC remains as the controlling FDC. If the fire mission requires only one or two mortars to be fired (for example, a smoke or illumination mission), the controlling FDC designates which mortars are to be fired.

b. Employment by Section. Section employment uses the section as a firing unit. Each section in an 81mm mortar platoon consists of four mortars. The mortar platoon is normally employed by section when it needs to cover wide frontages. Each section is positioned so it can provide fires within a portion of the battalion's sector. Depending on the range to the target and the separation of sections, more than one section may be able to mass fires on the same target. When employed by section, each section has an FDC (See Table 3-2 for the advantages and disadvantages of section employment).

Table 3-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Employment by Platoon.

EMPLOYMENT OPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Infantry Battalion 81-mm Mortar Platoon: Intact(one location) Massing of fires simplified.Most responsive to the battalion commander.Platoon command and control problems are eased.Easiest to support logistically.FDCs can operate 24 hours.Only option for seriously understrength platoons.Most secure against ground attack. Platoon more vulnerable to counter-fire.Positioning may be limited by terrain.

Table 3-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Employment by Platoon (Cont).

EMPLOYMENT OPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Infantry Battalion 81-mm Mortar Platoon: Separated(two locations) Increased survivability against indirect fire.Less restricted by terrain. Command and control requires more effort.Decreased survivability against ground attacks.Possible increase in radio traffic.Massing of fires requires more effort.Logistics require more effort.

(1) The sections operate on the platoon's mortar fire direction net. The forward observers must request fire from a designated section using that section's call sign. If separate frequencies or wire lines are available, each section may guard its own fire direction net.

(2) The mortar platoon commander and the platoon sergeant control the displacement of each section. Displacement is coordinated with the movement of the part of the battalion or company that the section is supporting. Since both sections cannot cover the entire sector, they may be moving at the same time.

(3) Section employment is more appropriate when the rifle companies operate over wide frontages or move along widely separated axis. It is difficult to control and to support logistically.

c. Employment by Squad. Squad employment places one or more mortar squads on the battlefield as separate firing units. This is the least desirable method of employment and is used only when the situation or terrain prevents adequate support if otherwise employed. This usually supports special requirements such as--

w Security force operations.

w One mortar illumination mission(s).

w Roving mortar adjustment technique.

w Anti-armor ambush or other combat patrol.

w Withdrawals not under enemy pressure.

(1) When employed by squad, a fire direction computer from the FDC should accompany the squad. If more than one squad is employed in this manner, it may not be possible to place a fire direction computer with each squad. Therefore, squad leaders must be prepared to manually compute firing data.

Table 3-2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Employment by Section.

EMPLOYMENT OPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Infantry Battalion 81-mm Mortar Sections: Increased survivability against indirect fire.Can cover a larger frontage.Can answer more calls for fire. Decreased effects on target (fewer rounds per volley).Command and control more difficult.Logistics more difficult.Increased vulnerability to ground attack.Personnel requirement for the platoon increases.

(2) Employment by squads reduces the effects on a given target, increases command and control problems, and exposes the mortar squads to destruction by small enemy forces. It is also the most difficult option to support logistically (See Table 3-3 for the advantages and disadvantages of employment by squad).

(3) If mortars are to be employed by squad, each squad can be attached to the supported maneuver element. The attached squads normally guard the radio net of the supported unit or as directed by the supported commander. Forward observers request fires from a designated squad using that squad's call sign.

(4) If a target is within range of more than one squad, fires may be massed to engage that target. The massing of fires requires more effort due to mortar dispersion and the increased number of radio nets involved. It is neither fast nor accurate.

3202. Employment of the 60mm Mortar Section. The company commander has two options for employing his 60-mm mortar section.

a. Employment by Section. Under this employment option, the section occupies a single position. All of the mortars should be able to engage targets assigned to the section. The mortars can displace by echelon or as an entire section. Employment by section provides the company commander with the capability to rapidly mass the fires of the section on a single target (See Table 3-4 for the advantages and disadvantages of employment by section). This is generally the preferred method of employing rifle company mortars.

b. Employment by Squad. Employment of this option reduces firepower, but responsiveness may be increased. There are several situations, such as a raid, where there is a requirement for a limited indirect fire capability to accompany a subordinate element. A commander's decision to employ the 60-mm mortars by squads must take into account the overall reduction in firepower this employment option has on the company's indirect fire capability as well as ammunition distribution.

Table 3-3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Employment by Squads.

EMPLOYMENT OPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Squads: Greater survivability against indirect fire.Cover even larger front.Responsive fire provided to small detachments.Deception efforts aided. Decreased effects on target.Least responsive to the battalion commander.Most vulnerable to ground attack.Logistics support burden placed on the supported element.Massing of fires extremely difficult.Not enough FDC personnel to go with each squad.

Table 3-4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Employment by Section.

EMPLOYMENT OPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rifle Company Mortars by Section Massing of fires simplified.Most responsive to the company commander.Section command and control problems are eased.Easiest to support logistically.Most secure against ground attack. Section more vulnerable to counter-fire.Positioning may be limited by terrain.

3203. Employment of the Light Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) Mortars. The typical frontage across which an LAR company or battalion operates usually exceeds the coverage of their organic mortars. LAR units are tasked with different tactical missions than that of a dismounted unit. For these reasons and the capabilities and limitations of the LAV, the LAR commander should not employ his mortars in the same manner as a rifle company or infantry battalion commander. Several special tactical considerations should be taken into account--

a. Sector of Coverage. LAR mortars will typically cover a wider and deeper frontage when supporting the entire battalion. The companies may be dispersed beyond the maximum range of the 81mm mortar. In this case, the mortars will probably be employed with their companies in sections of two. This will allow each company to be supported although it will disperse the available firepower of the LAR battalion’s mortars. When planning fire support, it must be anticipated that maneuver elements will quickly outdistance the coverage of organic mortars in established firing positions. Frequent displacement will be necessary. The LAV-M should not be left alone during a displacement. The commander should constantly be watching for suitable firing positions while on the move and transmit their location in order to decrease the amount of time required for the section to set up and receive calls for fire.

b. Mobility. Since the LAR battalion or company is exponentially more mobile than a dismounted unit and will likely receive different missions, the mortars will be employed differently. Hasty or emergency occupation of mortar positions will be more frequent and should be anticipated. Fire missions will most likely be received while on the move and will not necessarily allow for advanced preparation of firing positions. The hip-shoot will have a more prevalent role as calls for fire are more likely to come as a result of meeting engagements. Fire superiority must be gained quickly in order to break contact or integrate combined arms. A standardized load plan for all vehicles must be established for efficient operation of the section.

c. Firepower. If the mortar sections are supporting their respective companies, the commander must realize the difference between mortar support from two guns vice a platoon of eight. Target selection and type of mission should be considered carefully when integrating LAR mortars into a fire support plan. Suppression, Harassment and Interdiction, Obscuration and Marking missions will be more common than fires for destructive effect. It should be realized that the LAR unit might be operating out of range of artillery units. If the LAV-M is the only indirect fire support platform available, careful use of available rounds must be exercised unless unmolested re-supply is likely.

d. Security. The concern for local security is paramount. Unless the LAV-M is imbedded in larger formations, local security will have to be provided for the sections. Organic vehicle crewmembers employed as security will reduce the responsiveness of the fire mission and decrease the mobility of the firing unit. The commander may decide to sacrifice security for speed. If this is the case, emphasis in training must be placed on timely gunnery and careful selection of firing positions from movement formations in order to avoid detection and increase protection of the vehicle and its crew.

e. Coordination. The LAR commander will most likely coordinate his own fires to include 81mm mortar fire due to separation from other MAGTF elements. This adds a complex aspect to the duties of the LAR commander. A thorough understanding of established fire support coordination measures is crucial. Placement of the LAV-M should be out to a flank within the formation or with appropriate security if possible. This will build in suitable geometry for maneuver elements and give the LAR commander more flexibility in fighting his unit.

Section III. Reconnaissance, Selection, and Occupation of Mortar Positions (RSOP)

The tempo of the operations and the threat of enemy counter-fire may require mortar platoons and sections to move often. Frequent movement reduces responsiveness and requires greater reliance on emergency engagement missions. To reduce the time spent displacing, a mortar unit must be able to do the reconnaissance, selection, occupation, and movement tasks quickly and efficiently. The key to a successful RSOP is training and unit SOPs.

3301. Definition. Reconnaissance is a mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. Continuous reconnaissance by unit leaders is essential to timely and accurate fire support.

3302. Methods of Reconnaissance. The three methods by which the unit leader may conduct a reconnaissance are map, air, and ground. The best reconnaissance is one that uses a combination of all three.

a. Map Reconnaissance. Any reconnaissance begins with a map inspection. Potential positions and routes to those position can be chosen. This method is fast and allows unsuitable routes to be eliminated. It also identifies possible ambush sites. In some combat situations, a map reconnaissance may be the only one possible. There are two major disadvantages to solely conducting a map inspection:

w Terrain and other features may have changed--for example, a bridge shown on the map may no longer exist. Military load classifications of bridges are not recorded on maps; physical inspection of the bridge is required to assess its load bearing capacity.

w The surface conditions of the route and position cannot be determined--for example, the soil texture may not support a mortar carrier or a mortar prime mover.

If available, aerial photographs should be used to supplement maps, because they are more recent, show more detail, and present a clearer picture of the current condition of the terrain to be crossed.

b. Air Reconnaissance. If time and resources are available, information gained from an air reconnaissance can be beneficial in selecting routes to be used and areas to be occupied. Although this is a fast method, true surface conditions can be indistinguishable or may appear distorted. Care must be taken so the flight plan does not compromise the route or the new position area. This method may not be available in all operations.

c. Ground Reconnaissance. The best method of reconnaissance is the ground reconnaissance since the suitability of routes can be physically examined. The true condition of the terrain is critical if the surface has been affected by enemy action (NBC attack) or weather conditions. The ground reconnaissance has the disadvantage of being the slowest method of reconnaissance.

3303. Planning the Reconnaissance. The reconnaissance must be thoroughly planned. As part of the planning phase for any operation order or RSOP, the factors of METT-T must be considered before any action is taken. (See Appendix E for Considerations in Special Environments).

a. Mission. The mission is the governing factor in planning the RSOP. The mortar unit must perform its mission with minimal degradation as a result of tactical or survivability moves.

b. Enemy Situation. The current enemy situation must be thoroughly understood. The disposition, intentions, and capabilities of enemy forces must be analyzed before the RSOP.

c. Terrain and Weather. The mortar unit leader must analyze the routes to be used and the time and distance required to make the move. Moving the unit over long, difficult routes requires well-planned, coordinated movement orders and detailed SOPs. The effects of the weather on the terrain to be crossed must betaken into consideration. Weather affects visibility (fog, haze) and trafficability (ice, rain-softened ground).

d. Troops. The current troop strength must be considered. The mission may not change, but the troops available to accomplish it will. As the other factors of METT-T vary, so will the number of troops needed to perform the mission. Casualties will quickly and drastically affect a unit’s ability to move in a timely fashion.

e. Time. The amount of time available for the RSOP will affect all phases of its execution. The time factor will change because of events on the battlefield. Whether minutes or hours are allowed for the RSOP, adjustments must be made. Time must also be allotted for sections and squads to prepare.

3304. Position Selection. Mortar firing positions are selected based on the following:

w Mission accomplishment.

w Situational awareness.

w Range.

w Target area coverage.

w Survivability.

w Overhead and mask clearance.

w Surface conditions.

w Communications.

w Routes.

a. Mission Accomplishment. This is the most important factor. The position must permit the mortar unit to accomplish its primary mission. This will most likely be the coverage of an area with fires.

b. Situational Awareness. The mortar unit leader must understand the tactical situation, the supported unit's mission, and the location of friendly units. Potential enemy threats cannot be overlooked. By considering the tactical situation, he can ensure that the mortars provide effective indirect fire support while maintaining security for the unit.

c. Range Criteria. Maximum and minimum mortar ranges determine whether mortars can support from selected firing positions. Mortars should be able to fire at least one-half to two-thirds of their range to the front of the supported force’s forward elements. These may vary due to METT-T or commander's guidance. The mortars must be positioned far enough back so that fires can be placed directly in front of and behind the rifle platoon defensive positions. Positions that place likely targets at the extreme edge of mortar range should be avoided.

d. Target Area Coverage. Mortar positions should give maximum coverage of the battalion or company area of operation. To do this, the mortar unit leader begins by considering positions in the center of the sector. Positioning in the center of sector does not take precedence over the priority targets or priority of fires that a commander assigns to a specific mortar element. For example, if the mortars must be positioned on a flank to support the company with priority of fire, or cover priority targets, then positioning in the center of the sector becomes a secondary concern. The mortar unit leader must choose an area that allows him to cover the unit with priority of fires or his priority targets. He then chooses a firing position within that area that maximizes the fires he can provide for the rest of the battalion or company without reducing support to the priority unit. If the priority of fires is planned to change, the mortar unit leader must either choose a position from which he can cover both units, plan a displacement, or operate by section to cover the other unit.

e. Survivability. Mortar units face many threats on the battlefield including NBC hazards, counter-mortar fire, and ground or air attacks. These must all be considered when a mortar position is selected. The position should facilitate both active and passive defense measures so it:

w Cannot be hit by direct or low-angle indirect fire (defilade) (Figure 3-1).

w Can be entered without enemy observation.

w Offers good cover and concealment.

w Avoids obvious avenues of approach from the FEBA.

w Has more than one entrance and exit route.

w Takes advantage of existing terrain features and natural obstacles.

Figure 3-1. Defilade.

f. Mask and Overhead Clearance. (Figure 3-2.) Concealing and positioning the mortars should not interfere with their operation.

(1) Mask interference is to the front of the mortar and could be a hill, building, or tree. Mask clearance is checked by turning the mortar elevation down to the minimum and visually inspecting the clearance from the end of the mortar tube to the front.

(2) Trees, wires, or buildings normally cause overhead interference. Overhead clearance is checked by putting the mortar into maximum elevation and looking up and along the side of the mortar to estimate a round's line of flight.

(3) If clearance cannot be obtained through the mortar's full-range of elevation, then the FDC and mortar squads are notified of the minimum and maximum safe elevations allowed. The need for overhead and mask clearance must not prevent the mortar platoon leader from selecting positions in deep defilade. If the mission can be accomplished by selecting a firing position in deep defilade with a slightly restricted field of fire, that position should be chosen.

Figure 3-2. Mask and Overhead Clearance.

g. Surface Conditions. The soil at each mortar position should be well drained and firm so that the base plates do not sink into the soil when the mortars are fired. If mortars are mounted on carriers, the soil must be firm for the carriers to remain stable when mortars are fired. When mortars must be fired on ground that is not stable, firing pads are constructed. When the ground is frozen, slots should be chopped into the earth for the base plate spades, and extra time must be allotted to emplace mortars. When temperatures cycle repeatedly above and below freezing, mortar squads must ensure base plates do not become frozen into the earth.

h. Communications. The mortar unit must be able to communicate with the supported unit, and mortar squads must be able to communicate with the FDC.

(1) During reconnaissance, radio checks are made at the position to be occupied. The position is useless if this cannot be accomplished.

(2) Every effort must be made to protect the mortars from the direction-finding capabilities of the enemy. Directional antennas and maximum use of wire communications reduce the electronic signature of the platoon.

i. Routes. Mortar positions should be close to access routes to speed re-supply and displacement. Positioning close to access routes should not prevent concealment. After the reconnaissance has been conducted, an advance party is sent to the initial or next position. If time is limited, reconnaissance may be performed in conjunction with advance party operations.

3305. Advance Party Operations. The advance party includes the minimum number of personnel and equipment needed to prepare a position for occupation. It accompanies the mortar unit leader, or his representative, and begins preparations when he confirms the firing locations. For either a deliberate or a hasty occupation, a prearranged signal or procedure should be used to alert and assemble the advance party. The signal should be in the unit SOP, which also lists the personnel, equipment, vehicles, and place of assembly. The unit must be able to function without these personnel.

a. Composition. The mortar unit leader determines the exact composition of the advance party on the basis of the tactical situation and assets available. Table 3-5 lists some assets needed for the advance party. This composition will not fit all mortar units or situations.

Table 3-5. Notional Advanced Party Personnel and Equipment.

PERSONNEL EQUIPMENT

Platoon commander, platoon sergeant, or section leader.FDC computer.Radio / telephone operator.Guide from each mortar squad. Vehicle with radio, map, compass, binoculars, chemical and nuclear detection equipment, and GPS if available.Map, grid sheet, overlay paper, coordinate scale, and protractor.A declinated aiming circle, field telephone, comm wire, minefield and NBC warning signs.M16 plotting board, TFTs, and updated/weapon location data card.Marking stakes with tape and hammer.Axes shovels, aiming posts with lights, and flashlights.

b. Duties. Table 3-6 lists the primary duties of advance party personnel. This table does not list all possible tasks to be performed, but it does serve as a starting point for advance party SOP (the platoon sergeant or section leader perform the tasks of the mortar leader if they are leading the advanced party).

(1) In some instances, a complete mortar squad may be in the advance party. It can be laid and registered while the remainder of the platoon is moving and should become the base mortar at the new firing position. (See Appendix F for Registration Information).

Table 3-6. Primary Duties of the Advanced Party.

JOB RECONNAISSANCEPHASE SELECT/ORGANIZEPHASE OCCUPATIONPHASE

Unit Leader Conduct map reconnaissance.Select primary and or alternate routes and checkpoints.Brief key personnel and advance party.Conduct ground reconnaissance. Select primary position for occupation.Determine azimuth of fire.Conduct hasty survey or map spot.Make plan for occupation. Supervise and or direct occupation.Reconfirm map location.

Table 3-6. Primary Duties of the Advanced Party (Cont).

JOB RECONNAISSANCEPHASE SELECT/ORGANIZEPHASE OCCUPATIONPHASE

Subordinate unit leader Assist unit commander on reconnaissance.Assemble the advance party.Supervise security. Plan defense.Select vehicle positions (if necessary).Supervise security sweep.Set up and orient aiming circle.Determine initial deflection.Brief guides on occupation plan. Direct security defense.Lay mortars.

MortarCrewman/Driver Help in radio communication during security sweep. Help in security sweep.Lay wire to aiming circle and FDCMonitor NBC detection equipment.Position chemical agent detector upwind of selected position monitor. Guide platoon from release point, if necessary.Guide vehicles into area, if necessary.

(2) The equipment required to prepare a new position should be identified, maintained, located and loaded on prescribed vehicles.

(3) The advance party –

w Verifies and marks the route (with engineer tape, signs, lights, aiming posts, or road guides), as needed. If the tentative routes are determined to be unsuitable, the advance party leader contacts the remainder of the mortar unit and reports.

w Checks cover and concealment. This ensures that tentative routes and positions have the best cover and concealment.

w Locates and marks minefields and obstacles, as time allows. (See FM 20-32 for details on minefield marking.) It reports the discovery of minefields to the battalion COC, and mortar leaders mark these areas on their maps. SOPs must prescribe actions taken when minefields are encountered.

w Uses NBC detection equipment during movement to detect contaminated areas. It reports the location of all contaminated areas. It marks the locations of contaminated areas on maps and alters the route of the displacing element.

w Determines and reports the time required to displace to the next position.

w Verifies tentative emergency occupation positions along the route selected during map reconnaissance. It informs the displacing element of any changes in the suitability of these positions.

w Makes necessary liaison with the unit in who's area the mortar position is located.

(4) After the reconnaissance, the advance party occupies the new mortar position. It prepares the position to the maximum extent possible before the main body arrives. The main body continues to improve the original position.

3306. Occupation. The advance party starts the occupation of the new firing position and works continuously until the main body arrives. Occupation by the main body is therefore a continuation of the actions by the advance party.

a. Actions in the New Position. The advance party starts the occupation by--

w Verifying the position location. (See Appendix D).

w Checking the position and surrounding areas for mines, NBC contamination, and enemy forces.

w Establishing local security.

w Marking mortar positions with stakes or lights.

w Setting up the aiming circle and determining the azimuth of fire. The advance party identifies the direction of fire with direction stakes.

· Completing a rough lay of the mortar positions, if time allows. This method is useful for night occupations

· Marking entrances to and exits from positions.

w Upon arrival, guiding the displacing element into position(s). The FDC is positioned near the middle of the formation to allow FDC members to announce fire commands to the mortars by voice, if necessary. However, wire is the primary means of communication between the FDC and mortars.

w Laying the mortars and wire. The plotting boards should already be prepared.

w Determining and clearing mask and overhead obstructions.

w Improving security and defensive measures.

w Erecting camouflage or cutting and arranging it.

w Preparing alternate and supplementary defensive positions, as time permits. It continually improves the positions until the mortars displace.

b. Actions in the Old Position. Before moving, the mortar unit leader ensures that the following tasks are accomplished:

w Higher headquarters is informed of the move.

w The mortar position is inspected for documents, overlays, or anything else that may compromise security.

w Obstacles and mines are retrieved.

w Early warning devices (trip flares, platoon early warning system) are retrieved.

w Communication wire is retrieved.

w Personnel at the SP/LPs are ordered to return to the position.

w If carrier-mounted mortars were dismounted, they are remounted on the carriers.

w Ammunition that cannot be moved is fired (if the tactical situation permits).

w The plotting board is prepared for the next firing position (if known).

w Mortars are ordered out of action.

w Time permitting, dug-in positions are filled in and camouflaged.

c. Night Occupations. Night occupations present special problems. The limited visibility makes almost every task associated with position occupation harder to accomplish. To conduct efficient night occupations of firing positions, the mortar leader must establish a detailed SOP and train his unit in its use.

(1) The use of wire communications is more important at night than during daylight occupations. Wire ends must be clearly tagged to prevent confusion.

(2) Guides must be thoroughly briefed and should pace the routes to and from the platoon's different elements before and after darkness. They should have filtered flashlights to guide the vehicles.

(3) Color coding of individual squads or sections facilitates identification during night operations (for example, first squad--blue, second squad--red, third squad--yellow, and fourth squad--green).

(4) Light discipline must be maintained. Chemical lights are useful during night occupations, but their use must be standardized and controlled.

3307. Types of Occupation. The three types of occupation are deliberate, hasty, and emergency.

a. Deliberate. A deliberate occupation is one that has been planned and has the advance party precede the main body to conduct extensive preparation of the new position. It may take place during daylight hours following a daylight operation, at night after a daylight preparation, or at night following a nighttime preparation. Personnel and vehicles going forward should be kept to a minimum. Excessive activity during preparation risks compromise. When the tactical situation allows, a good procedure for deliberate occupations of a new position is to do the preparation before darkness and to move the sections by night. Deliberate nighttime occupation following a nighttime preparation is often necessary, but it can be time-consuming (see paragraph 3308 for more information on conducting a deliberate occupation).

b. Hasty. The hasty occupation is also planned. It differs from the deliberate occupation mainly in the amount of time available for preparation by the advance party. A hasty occupation may be necessary because of the rapid tempo or unforeseen circumstances. The advance party or the reconnaissance party may be able to accomplish some site preparation such as orienting the aiming circle and preparing the plotting board (see paragraph 3309 for more information on conducting a hasty occupation).

c. Emergency. An emergency occupation results when a call for fire is received while the platoon is making a tactical movement. It requires the mortar platoon or section to occupy the first available location without any prior site preparation. (See Appendix G for details on firing formations).

3308. Deliberate Occupation. During a deliberate occupation, a guide meets the main body at a pickup point and leads the vehicles/personnel to the entrance of the position area. The guides are waiting to lead the vehicles/personnel to their selected locations.

a. Each guide aligns his carrier on the azimuth of fire or leads the mortar squad to a position near the firing point, and gives the initial deflection to the gunner.

b. Previously laid wire lines are used to establish communications to the aiming circle operator and FDC.

c. The platoon sergeant or section leader implements the security and defense plan as personnel become available.

d. Vehicles will not move within the position without a guide.

e. Other considerations for deliberate occupations are night are as follows:

(1) Light discipline must be practiced. Proper preparation for a night occupation minimizes the need for lights. Vehicle blackout drive and blackout marker lights should be turned off as soon as the ground guide begins to lead the vehicle into position. During the laying process, only the aiming circle and the weapon being laid should have any night lights on.

(2) Noise discipline is also important, since noise can be heard at much greater distances at night.

(3) Time required for occupation is increased and must be planned for.

(4) Each vehicle guide should know where his vehicle is in the order of march so the platoon can move smoothly into position without halting the column.

(5) Filtered flashlights are used to lead the vehicles.

3309. Hasty Occupation. In a day or night hasty occupation, the platoon requires more time to occupy. This is because some preparatory tasks cannot be completed during the limited time available for the reconnaissance and selection phase. This may result in the following:

w Delay in getting the vehicles off the route of march.

w Increased voice commands.

w Increased laying time, since guides might not have aligned the stakes on the azimuth of fire or obtained initial deflections.

w Increased FDC preparation time, because not all initial update/weapon location data will be available.

Section IV. Mortars in Support of Offensive Operations

The offensive is the decisive form of war. Ultimate success in battle is achieved by offensive operations. They carry the fight to the enemy. Offensive operations are undertaken to destroy enemy forces, deceive or divert the enemy, deprive the enemy of resources, gain information, fix the enemy in place, or disrupt enemy actions or preparations. The focus of the offense is on the enemy force. Fire superiority is one of the most important requisites for offensive combat. It must be gained early and maintained throughout the operation to permit freedom of maneuver. Mortars can contribute to offensive operations by –

w Suppressing, neutralizing, or destroying enemy forces.

w Depriving the enemy of resources or the use of key terrain.

w Deceiving or diverting the enemy.

w Providing screening or obscuration smoke.

w Providing battlefield illumination.

3401. Mortar Planning in the Offense. Planning the use of mortars in an offensive operation requires an estimate of the situation and a determination of what role the mortars will play in the execution of the plan. The mortar unit is one element of a combined arms team. A thorough knowledge of its capabilities and limitations is required to determine the most effective manner of employment. Employing mortars in support offensive operations involves a combination of selecting potential targets for mortars to fire upon and integrating the movement of the mortar unit into the scheme of maneuver to allow the mortars to engage those targets. For example, the requirement for mortars to engage specific planned targets in window of time requires the mortar unit to be in a position within range to fire the target at the appropriate time.

a. Planning Mortar Fires. Mortar fires are planned along the terrain to be traversed and on the flanks to protect the force. If friendly forces make unexpected contact, immediate suppression missions may be fired. Mortar sections establish firing positions within forward assembly areas to protect against enemy spoiling attacks. Mortar fires are always planned from these assembly areas, though they may not be registered.

(1) Fires en route to the objective can be divided into the following phases:

(a) Short of the LD/LC

w Plan fires on checkpoints, passage points, release points, and attack positions to support movement to the LD/LC.

w Plan targets to support in the event the enemy conducts a spoiling attack.

( From the LD/LC to the final coordination line (FCL)

w Fire smoke and HE to screen obstacle-breaching operations and to suppress enemy formations deliberately bypassed.

w Target mortar fires on friendly rally points, objective rally points, and assault positions to allow ease of adjustment from these known locations.

w Plan suppressive fires on the rear of enemy locations and along likely avenues of withdrawal.

w Plan smoke and HE fires on likely enemy reserve positions and assembly areas.

w Plan defensive fires on likely enemy counterattack routes and support positions.

(2) Preparation fire is fire delivered on a target preparatory to an attack (Joint Pub 1-02). It is an intense volume of fire which is delivered to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy's defense and to disrupt communications and disorganize the enemy's defense. A preparation may be begin at a prescribed time or be held on call. During the execution, targets are attacked in accordance with a time schedule. It is normally divided into three phases; phase I targets include hostile fire units (artillery batteries, mortar units, OPs, radars, anti-air defenses), phase II targets include command and control nodes, and phase III targets include front line elements. Mortars may not always have adequate range to fire at targets in all three phases. Therefore, the weapons are scheduled into the phase that is within their capabilities rather than being excluded from the preparation. Fires are planned on the basis of the sustained rate of fire for each weapons system. The length of the preparation depends on fire support needs of the entire force, number of targets for attack, available firing assets, and available ammunition.

(a) Phase I provides for the early attack of enemy indirect fire support assets and observation capabilities. These targets are the slowest to recover. This degrades the enemy's ability to react with indirect fires and to gain intelligence about the friendly force. The battalion mortar platoon may play a major role in this phase of the preparatory fires.

( Phase II concentrates on identified CPs, communications positions, assembly areas, and reserves. The goal is degradation of the enemy's ability to reinforce his defense and to shift forces to counter the main attack. Mortar targets are based on the capabilities of particular mortar weapon systems.

© Phase III concentrates on the forward portions of the enemy defensive area and targets that pose an immediate threat to attacking troops. The purpose of this phase is to suppress and obscure enemy direct fire systems until the assault force has closed with them. Mortar fires are most likely used during this phase, especially against enemy reverse-slope positions, which can only be reached by high-angle fire.

(3) On-call targets are planned target other than a scheduled target on which fire is delivered when requested (Joint Pub 1-02). These fires delivered on request and not a predetermined time schedule. On-call targets are planned to isolate all or part of the objective, to provide illumination during night attack if needed, and to disrupt an enemy counterattack.

(4) Fires in support of consolidation and reorganization are planned to protect friendly units against enemy counterattack or reinforcement. Mortar fires on likely enemy withdrawal routes disrupt his organized retrograde operations.

b. Planning Mortar Movement. Once the decision is made as to which targets the mortars must engage, movement plans must be made which place the mortars in the appropriate position, at the appropriate time, to engage those targets. The employment and displacement techniques, occupation plans, and firing formations are chosen which best support the scheme of maneuver.

3402. Offensive Operations. There are four general types of offensive operations that mortars can expect to support. In many ways, mortars support each type of operation in the same manner.

a. Movement to Contact. This is a form of offense designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact with the enemy. The exact location of the enemy is usually not known.

(1) Mortars provide the maneuver commander the most responsive means of indirect fire support during a movement to contact. The displacement techniques used by a mortar unit during this operation depend on the distance to be traveled, the likelihood of enemy contact, and or the maneuver commander's guidance. For example, if the objective in a movement to contact is distant, the entire mortar unit can be directed to displace, moving close behind a maneuver element, depending on where enemy contact is expected. While the mortar unit is displacing, it must be prepared to immediately engage targets using direct-lay, direct-alignment, or hip-shoot techniques of engagement.

(2) Fire planning on key terrain and likely enemy positions increases mortar responsiveness upon enemy contact. It must include possible targets en route to the march objective, on the march objective, and beyond.

(3) In addition to fire planning, plans must also be made for the mortars movement. The mortars can be attached for movement to a unit near the front of the march column or tactical formation. This will ensure that the mortars are close enough to the enemy to contribute responsive, immediate fires and are provided adequate security.

b. Attacks. Attacks are forms of offensive operations characterized by coordinated movement supported by fire. They may be either hasty or deliberate, based on the amount of time available.

(1) Hasty Attack. A hasty attack is an attack in which preparation time is traded for speed in order to exploit an opportunity (Joint Pub 1-02). Hasty attacks usually result from movements to contact, meeting engagements, penetrations, or any unplanned success. There is usually little or no time for planning additional fire support. Most targets engaged by mortars are targets of opportunity. However, planned fires for the movement to contact or the defense increase mortar responsiveness when engaging enemy positions on or near planned targets.

(a) Once contact has occurred and the commander decides to attack, the mortar unit should be positioned to maximize flexibility to engage targets. Properly positioned and employed, mortars aid in maintaining the momentum of the attack.

( After a successful hasty attack, mortars must be resupplied quickly. This enables them to effectively support a continuation of the attack, to protect against a counterattack, or to transition to the defense. Any movement during this phase of the operation is conducted quickly to minimize the maneuver element's vulnerability to a counterattack.

(2) Deliberate Attack. A deliberate attack is a type of offensive action characterized by preplanned coordinated employment of firepower and maneuver to close with and destroy or capture the enemy (Joint Pub 1-02). The deliberate attack requires more planning time, detailed intelligence, and a more detailed scheme of maneuver, including the plan for fire support.

(a) In a deliberate attack, battalion mortar units normally deliver heavy, precisely timed fires on specific targets. Company mortars may be included in these fires or may be held for use against unplanned targets that appear. Consideration should be given to the need for registration to increase accuracy against possibly compromising the coming attack. The ammunition to be used in any scheduled fires should be prepared for firing prior to the time of opening fire and that arrangements made for resupply. One technique is to ensure that adequate ammunition is on hand is to separate the ammunition to be used for scheduled fires from the unit’s basic load. This allows the mortars to fire the prepatory fires while preserving their basic load for continuing the attack.

( Concentrated direct and indirect fires are used as the assaulting force closes on the enemy's forward defensive positions. At some point, the forward movement of the assault element masks the direct fires of supporting weapons. The mortar's massed indirect fires keeps the enemy suppressed while the rifle platoons assault to destroy him. The commander of the assaulting force controls this massed mortar fire and shifts it at the last minute onto the rear of the enemy defensive position, likely routes of withdrawal, and likely counterattack routes. Mortars must be prepared to fire large volumes of ammunition near friendly forces. Setting fuses to “delay” may allow troops to close with the enemy under more effective suppression without the threat of friendly casualties. This requires detailed planning and close supervision by leaders at all levels. Extraordinary amounts of HE ammunition are required to suppress or destroy defenders in properly prepared defensive positions.

(3) Raid. A raid is an operation, usually small scale, involving a swift penetration of hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or destroy installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal upon completion of the assigned mission (Joint Pub 1-02). Company or battalion mortars may be attached or placed OPCON to the raid force commander. If the raid force is dismounted or transported by helicopter, mortarmen carry the mortars and ammunition. The commander can direct riflemen to carry one or two mortar rounds each in order to increase the amount of ammunition available to the mortars.

(4) Reconnaissance in Force. A reconnaissance in force is an offensive operation designed to discover and/or test the enemy's strength or to obtain other information (Joint Pub 1-02). The commander ordering the mission must be prepared to extricate the force or to exploit its success.

(a) To the mortar unit, a reconnaissance in force is conducted the same as a deliberate attack. Fire planning is detailed to increase responsiveness. The mortars must be able to adjust to rapidly changing situations that may include supporting the withdrawal of the force, a hasty defense, or an exploitation.

( Depending on the distance to be covered, mortars may be the maneuver commander's only means of indirect fire support. If such is the case, mortars must be positioned to provide continuous fire support throughout the operation.

c. Exploitation. This is an offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth (Joint Pub 1-02). It is usually initiated when the enemy is having recognizable difficulty in maintaining his positions. Once initiated, an exploitation is executed relentlessly to deny the enemy any respite from pressure.

(1) Frag orders are common in the exploitation. The operation may require changes in the direction of attack to ensure destruction of the enemy. Mortar unit's should employ techniques which afford them maximum flexibility to react to the changing situation.

(2) Security plans must take into account the fact there may be many small groups of enemy that are bypassed which can pose a threat to the mortar unit.

(3) Due to the speed with which an exploitation is conducted, mortars can be directed to move by platoon or section with, or just behind, the maneuver element. Many fire missions are conducted using direct-lay, direct-alignment, or hip-shoot techniques. Since exploitations occur deep behind enemy lines, ammunition should be conserved, as resupply may be difficult.

d. Pursuit. A pursuit is an offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it (Joint Pub 1-02). A pursuit normally follows a successful exploitation. The primary difference is that it is oriented on the final destruction of retreating enemy units. The considerations for rapid movement, security, and resupply are much the same as in the exploitation.

3403. Enabling Tactical Operations. Types of enabling tactical operations include passage of lines, linkup, breakout from encirclement, and relief in place. They may occur during either offensive or defensive combat.

a. Passage of Lines. This is an operation in which a force moves forward or rearward through another force's combat positions with the intention of moving into or out of contact with the enemy (Joint Pub 1-02).

(1) Detailed reconnaissance and coordination ensure that the mortar unit conducts the passage quickly and smoothly. Personnel can be overly concentrated, fires of the stationary unit can be masked temporarily, and the mortar platoon may not be able to react to enemy action. Direct and indirect fires of the stationary unit are normally integrated into the fire support plan of the passing unit. Mortars and FOs can be collocated to provide coordinated and responsive support. Often mortars from the stationary unit provide fire support to the moving unit out to the limit of range. Particular attention is given to restrictive fire measures used to control these fires. The use of fire direction nets is also coordinated. The passing mortar unit usually operates within the stationary unit's fire direction nets. Call signs are exchanged and FDC personnel are informed that calls for fire can be received from the passing unit.

(2) The passing unit's mortars conduct a rearward passage of lines using appropriate displacement techniques until the maneuver element is within range of the stationary mortar platoon. The mortars can then move to and through the passage point either as a platoon or in sections.

(3) A mortar unit normally conducts a forward passage when the maneuver element is just short of the stationary mortar unit's maximum range. The passing mortars then begin displacement techniques to support their maneuver element with continuous fire.

b. Linkup. This is a meeting of friendly ground forces (MCRP 5-12D). For example, when an advancing force reaches an objective previously seized by a heliborne force, when an encircled unit breaks out to rejoin friendly forces, or when converging maneuver forces meet.

(1) A linkup requires detailed restricted fire line (RFL), close coordination and detailed planning of movement, fires, control measures, and recognition signals. Ideally, an exchange of liaison personnel takes place before the operation. Depending on the mission after the linkup, either force can be attached to the other or both can remain under control of the directing headquarters.

(2) Mortars conduct a linkup as a movement to contact if supporting a converging force or as a defense if supporting a stationary force. In either case, all restrictive fire control measures are followed as the two forces converge.

c. Breakout From Encirclement. This is an attack conducted by an encircled force to rupture the encirclement and escape (MCWP 3-1). A breakout normally consists of an attack (penetration) by a rupture force to open a gap through enemy forces.

(1) Before a breakout attempt, all fire support assets are organized under centralized control, and fire support coordination is integrated into the breakout plan. Mortars in this situation may find themselves supporting the defense of the encircled perimeter and supporting either the diversionary or rupture attack. The ability to mass fires when needed may be critical to the success of the breakout attempt. Mortars have to remain flexible since they may be called on to provide deceptive and concentrated fires at the same time to aid in the penetration.

(2) Care should be taken to exercise proper fire control and avoid wasting ammunition stores since resupply may be impossible.

d. Relief in Place. This is an operation in which all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. The responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and the assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. The incoming unit continues the operations as ordered (Joint Pub 1-02).

(1) Mortar units and their FOs are relieved after the maneuver companies. The mortar unit remains in position, ready to fire, until the relief is nearly completed. The mortar element being relieved passes on its range cards, target lists, and overlays to the incoming mortar platoon to ensure effective delivery of fires. Machine gun tripods and mortar base plates (if ground mounted), aiming posts, telephones, and wire lines can be left in place and exchanged. Authority to do so would be included in the relief order of the next higher commander. This simplifies the effort and lessens the time required to effect the relief.

(2) To ease occupation of the positions during hours of limited visibility, the incoming mortar should conduct a reconnaissance during both daylight and darkness.

Section V. Mortars in Support of Defensive and Retrograde Operations

The purpose of the defense is to force the attacker to reach his culminating point without achieving his objectives, to gain the initiative for friendly forces, and to create the opportunity to shift to the offense. Defensive operations retain ground, gain time, deny the enemy access to an area, and damage or defeat his attacking forces. An effective defense is never passive, it consists of reactive and offensive elements. The essence of defensive tactics is to place the enemy into a position that permits his destruction through the intelligent use of terrain and firepower, thereby creating a favorable situation for counterattack. Mortars participate in a defense as part of a larger force. They provide the commander with the ability to strike out against the enemy, to regain his initiative, and to counterattack by fire. They contribute to the defensive effort by —

w Deceiving or diverting enemy attention.

w Screening friendly maneuver.

w Obscuring enemy observation and fires.

w Neutralizing, suppressing, or destroying enemy forces.

w Fixing the enemy in position for a counterattack.

w Depriving the enemy of the use of defilade or key terrain.

w Illuminating the battlefield for more effective friendly fires.

w Harassing the enemy and interdicting his ability to mass assault forces.

3501. Mortar Planning in the Defense

a. Mortar Fires Prior to Enemy Attack. Fires delivered before the enemy attack are designed to break up the attack before it starts or to disorganize, delay, and weaken the attack. These fires are categorized as follows:

(1) Harassment and Interdiction fires (H+I). Ammunition resupply constraints may severely restrict the amount of harassment and interdiction fires mortar platoons or sections provide. In a high threat environment, harassment and interdiction fires can expose the mortar position to enemy target location and counterfire. Against a dismounted enemy on close terrain, mortar units may fire large amounts of harassment and interdiction fires to slow and disorganize the enemy as he concentrates forces and supplies to continue his offensive. Mortar harassing fire can severely limit the enemy in preparing battalion and regimental Ops, AAs, and in laying wire lines. If the enemy must move men and supplies through a defile or across a ford, interdiction fire can severely hamper reinforcement and carrying parties. Mortar harassment and interdiction fires are usually unobserved, and they require extensive coordination to ensure accuracy and safety. Some may be fired based on recurring patrol reports, aerial sightings, or sensor alerts. Close coordination with field artillery survey teams and target locating radars can greatly increase the effectiveness of mortar interdiction fires.

(2) Planned defensive targets and targets of opportunity. Defensive fires are planned on all known, likely, and suspected enemy locations. This does not mean that an unmanageable number of targets are planned. Known enemy locations are the first priority, followed by suspected and then likely. As enemy forces appear near planned targets, mortar fire is delivered on them. Targets of opportunity that appear suddenly are engaged by shifting fires from planned targets.

(3) Counterpreparation fires. These are prearranged fires delivered when an enemy attack is imminent. Since the mortar's range is limited (compared to artillery), the artillery fires most of the counterpreparation fires. Mortars may fire against enemy forces that are massing near friendly forward positions. Mortar smoke can be fired to obscure the view from suspected enemy OPs. Mortar illumination can be fired to confirm or deny the presence of enemy forces near defensive positions, while not revealing individual weapon's locations.

b. Mortar Fires During Enemy Attacks. Once the enemy attack begins, mortar fires are delivered to break up the enemy's formations, to suppress and neutralize supporting weapons, and to destroy as much of the enemy force as possible.

(1) Mortars can be used to suppress--

w Armored forces by using proximity-fuzed HE rounds to cause tanks and fighting vehicles to button up, reducing their effectiveness.

w Anti-armor guided missile systems while friendly maneuver units are displacing.

w Enemy direct-fire weapons and overwatch positions.

w Air defense vehicles.

w Enemy mortars and automatic grenade launchers.

(2) Mortars are also used to --

w Engage enemy infantry beyond direct-fire weapon ranges and break up troop concentrations.

w Cover dead space in front of friendly positions.

w Reduce the enemy's mobility and to canalize his assault forces into engagement areas.

w Neutralize and destroy enemy forces attempting to breach friendly obstacles.

w Provide close-in FPF against the enemy's assault. (See Appendix C).

w Deny the enemy the use of a specified piece of terrain.

w Conceal friendly obstacles from the attacking force.

w Screen movement of friendly forces between firing positions.

w Illuminate areas where enemy forces are known or suspected to be, so they can be engaged with other weapons.

w Mark targets for attack by direct-fire weapons or aircraft.

(3) Closely coordinated mortar fire can significantly increase the effectiveness and survivability of antiarmor weapons.

(a) HE fires force tank crews to button up. This reduces their field of view and their ability to detect friendly forces. Mortar rounds should be set to achieve airbursts to reduce the amount of dust and dirt thrown into the air. This interferes less with friendly direct fires.

( Mortar smoke rounds can be fired to isolate the lead element of an advancing enemy force from the main body. Friendly antitank weapons can then attack this isolated element, free from enemy overwatching fires. Mortar smoke can be placed between antitank weapons and the enemy to aid in the movement out of initial firing positions to subsequent ones. All commanders involved must coordinate the use of mortar smoke rounds. Mortar units must be prepared to cease firing smoke rounds immediately if shifting winds move the smoke to an unfavorable area.

c. Mortar Fires During Counterattacks. Fire support for a counterattack is similar to that for the offense, except fire support priorities are divided between the forces still defending and the forces counterattacking. Mortar units may have to provide all or most of the fire support to the defending forces while the artillery supports the counterattack.

3502. Defensive Operations. Defense is a coordinated effort by a force to defeat an attacker and to prevent him from achieving his objectives. The immediate purpose of the defense is to cause an enemy attack to fail (For details on the organization of the defense and types of defensive operations see MCWP 3-1, Ground Combat Operations).

a. Organization of the Defense. The defensive sector is organized in depth into three areas: the security area, main battle area, and rear area (Figure 3-1). Mortars may be employed with forces operating in any of the three areas.

Figure 3-1. Three Areas of Defensive Framework.

(1) Support to Security Forces. Mortar fires are often used to support security forces. The security forces can be given priority of mortar fires, operational control of the mortar unit, or the mortar unit may even be attached to the security force. The mortar fires are used to engage the advancing enemy at long ranges, to inflict casualties, to delay and disorganize his movements, and to assist the security force in breaking contact. If the mortar unit must move forward of the main defensive positions to accomplish these tasks, plans for the subsequent rearward displacement must be coordinated with units in the main defensive position. This should include, but is not limited to, the timing of the displacement, changes in OPCON or fire priority, the routes of displacement, the passage point through the friendly barriers, recognition signals, and the plan for occupying the subsequent position.

(2) Support to the Main Battle Area. The mortar unit's primary task during defensive operations is to provide immediate, close, and continuous HE fires to the defending force. This is especially critical when units are assigned the mission of holding a battle position or strongpoint on particular piece of key terrain. A mortar section will often be placed in DS of a company or platoon defending to retain a battle position or strongpoint. Targets in relationship to friendly defensive positions are planned as follows:

(a) In front of the position on all confirmed and suspected enemy locations, on likely avenues of approach, and on prominent terrain features that can be used by enemy overwatch elements.

( In front of friendly barriers and obstacles. These fires are often critical to the defense. Any obstacle not covered by both direct and indirect fires can be obscured and breached. High explosive with proximity settings can effectively prevent enemy dismounted forces from breaching an obstacle. Mortar fire is preferred for this task since it is always available to the battalion commander. Its use permits the artillery to concentrate destructive fires against enemy formations backed up behind the obstacle.

© On top of the position so that if the enemy penetrates friendly defenses, effective fire can be delivered on him immediately. If the friendly forces are fighting from properly constructed fighting positions, the mortar fire from a proximity-fuzed round, can be placed directly on them to kill the exposed enemy. This is a combat emergency technique since some friendly casualties could still result. Mortar fires planned on friendly positions also aid immediate counterattacks. (See Appendix G for more information mortar position construction).

(d) Behind friendly positions to provide flexibility to the defense if the enemy surprises the defender by attacking from the rear. They also aid the defender in blunting the enemy penetration, making the counterattack decisive.

b. Types of Defensive Operations. Every defense contains two distinct complementary characteristics: a static or positional element that anchors the defense to key terrain, or a mobile element which generates combat power through maneuver and concentration of forces. Conceptually, this results in two defensive extremes: the position defense and the mobile defense (MCWP 3-1).

(1) Position Defense. The position defense focuses on the retention of terrain by absorbing the enemy into a position where he can be destroyed by fire. It is generally constructed to deny the enemy entry into a specific area. The bulk of the combat forces are deployed in the main battle area and a relatively small reserve is used to reduce any enemy penetrations and restore the position.

(2) Mobile Defense. The mobile defense orients on the destruction of the enemy by allowing him to advance into a position that exposes him to counterattack by a strong mobile reserve. Relatively light forces are positioned in the main battle area and the bulk of the force's combat power is held in reserve for a decisive counterattack.

7203. Priority of Fires and Priority Targets. The commander routinely modifies indirect fire support by assigning priority of fires to one of his subordinate commanders or by establishing a sequence priority of fires. These priorities of fires permit the rapid, flexible shifting of fires as the tactical situation develops. In the defense, priority of fires is normally given first to the company or platoon that can best place effective long-range fires on the enemy. As the enemy continues to advance, the priority of fires may be shifted to the company responsible for defending the most dangerous avenues of approach into the battalion's sector or battle position. If more than one company is positioned to cover the same avenue of approach (for example, around an engagement area), priority of fires should be given to the company or platoon that can best observe and place effective fire on the enemy forces that pose the greatest threat. As the battle develops, the priority of fires may be changed. To ensure that the most threatening enemy forces are fired on first, the commander must prioritize anticipated demands but may intervene to modify his guidance. Mortar units must be able to quickly change priorities of fires when needed.

a. Priority of Fires. Priority of fires involves the organization and employment of fire support means according to the importance of the supported unit's mission (MCRP 5-12D). Priority of fires may be initially assigned to a forward security force (which may be the STA platoon), another maneuver force given a security, or a counterreconnaissance mission. They can be subsequently assigned to counter a specific threat or weight a critical sector or battle position.

(1) The commander can assign priority of mortar fire to increase the effectiveness of direct fires. For example, the effectiveness of TOW and Dragon missiles can be increased by having mortar fire obscure enemy overwatch elements, forcing enemy armor to button up, suppressing accompanying infantry, and canalizing the enemy.

(2) Priority of fires are normally assigned to a counterattacking force upon initiation of the counterattack.

b. Priority Targets. Priority targets are targets on which the delivery of fire takes precedence over all the fires for the designated firing unit or element (MCRP 5-12D). They are used to increase fire support responsiveness on specific targets or specific high threat areas. In addition to artillery priority targets that may be allocated to him, the battalion commander has one or two mortar priority targets he can allocate. The company commander has one priority target he can allocate. Priority targets are designated in the REMARKS column of the target list. Anticipated changes of the priority target are indicated as ON-ORDER PRIORITY TARGETS on the same target list.

(1) The battalion commander and FSC must carefully consider priority targets before assigning them. Priority targets should lie in the sector of the company or platoon having priority of fires. This prevents any confusion if the mortar platoon receives several calls at the same time. If a conflict is possible (such as when the STA platoon has priority of fires, yet a priority target has been allocated to a rifle company), the commander, FSC, operations officer, and mortar platoon commander must coordinate to avoid confusion.

(2) Priority targets are not always fired on using HE ammunition. Illumination, smoke, or a mix of HE and WP can be used as the designated rounds to be fired. During darkness, one mortar within the section can be designated to fire illumination only.

(3) With the exception of FPF, priority targets have a predetermined amount of ammunition set aside to be fired on them. At the maximum rate of fire, the mortar section fires this ammunition immediately upon the observer's call for fire. The FDC then orders the section to repeat the mission, shift fires, or cease fire, based on the message from the observer.

c. Final Protective Fires (FPFs). A FPF is an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas (Joint Pub 1-02). They are the highest type of priority targets and take precedence over all other fire requests. The FPFs differ from a standard priority target in that they are fired at the maximum rate of fire until the mortars are ordered to stop or until ammunition is depleted. Because mortar rounds are a smaller caliber than artillery rounds, they can be targeted closer to friendly forces and still be safe. Closer FPFs are easier to integrate into direct-fire FPLs. The high rate of fire achievable by mortars creates effective barriers of fire. While firing FPF, mortar sections are not normally allowed to cease fire and displace due to counter-mortar fire. (See Appendix C on registration of FPFs).

(1) A battalion commander may direct the eight-gun 81-mm mortar platoon to prepare 2 four-gun FPFs. He should do this only if the terrain dictates the need for more FPFs than he has been allocated and then only after seeking additional artillery allocations (see Table 3-5).

(2) The company commander is responsible for the precise location of the mortar FPF and FPF integration into the direct fire FPLs. The FDC plots and precomputes all firing data for the FPF as early as possible.

Table 3-5. Normal FPF dimensions for each number of mortars.

APPROXIMATE

WIDTH DEPTH

SIZE TYPE NUMBER OF MORTARS (METERS) (METERS)

81-mm81-mm81-mm81-mm60-mm60-mm M252M252M252M252M224M224 8 (Platoon)4 (Section)2 (LAR Section)1 (LAR Squad)3 (Section)1 (Squad) 30015075509030 505050503030

(3) The mortar FPF widths from Table 3-5 are neither precise nor restrictive. The mortar sheaf can be opened or closed to cover the specific terrain on which the FPF is located. Table 3-5 is derived from data on the bursting diameter of mortar rounds, extracted from various sources. In the past, many publications have mistakenly used the term bursting radius while providing the actual distance of the bursting diameter. The bursting diameter of an HE round is twice the distance from the point of impact at which the round will reliably place one lethal fragment per square meter of target. The following mortar lethal bursting diameters are estimations since the type round, fuze, range, and target surface all affect the mortar's lethal bursting diameter:

w M252 (81-mm) mortar — 38 meters.

w M224 (60-mm) mortar — 30 meters (M720 round) and 20 meters (M49A4 round).

(4) Artillery FPFs are normally allocated to companies in the most critical defensive positions. Mortar FPF may be allocated to cover less critical avenues of approach that are in the same sector or in a different sector. They are usually targeted on an avenue of likely dismounted attack. Mortar FPFs can be any distance from the friendly position that fits into the ground commander's tactical situation but are always within the range of organic direct-fire weapons, normally within 100 to 400 meters of friendly troops. Once allocated to a company, that commander designates the precise FPF location where they can best augment the direct-fire weapons.

(5) The importance of accurate defensive fires and the danger close situation means that each mortar firing the FPF must be individually adjusted into place normally using delay fuze settings and the creeping method of adjustment.

(6) The company commander normally retains the authority to call for the mortar FPF to be fired. However, he may delegate that authority to a platoon commander. If the decision is delegated to a subordinate commander, the request to fire the FPF is made by radio or wire and monitored by higher headquarters. In extreme situations, the higher element may over ride the subordinate’s request for the FPF.

(7) Alternate means of communication to call for the FPF should be established. Radio or wire voice communications may be the primary means to call for the FPF with a simple visual pyrotechnic signal as the backup. The use of visual signals must be coordinated with adjacent units to prevent an inadvertent firing of the FPF.

(8) Mortar FPFs are fired only when needed. Once begun, FPF are fired until ordered terminated or until all allotted ammunition is gone. HE ammunition with PD fuzes is normally used in firing the FPF. The mortar unit should prepare and set aside a number of rounds for the FPF. This amount is based on ammunition available and the controlled supply rate. This allows the mortars to quickly begin the FPF and maintain a steady rate of fire without halting to prepare rounds when the call for fire is received. Additional rounds can be prepared during the firing of FPF if the ammunition requirement exceeds the quantity prepared.

3504. Retrograde Operations. A retrograde operation is a movement to the rear or away from the enemy. It may be a planned movement or one forced by enemy action. Retrograde operations may be classified as a delay, withdrawal, or retirement.

w In the delay, space is traded for time. Enemy contact is maintained, but decisive engagement is avoided.

w In the withdrawal, the friendly force deliberately disengages from the enemy and moves to the rear. Withdrawal usually follows a delay and can precede a retirement. A withdrawal can be made with or without enemy contact.

w In the retirement, the friendly force is not in contact with the enemy and moves to a secure area.

Unlike the defense, the commander avoids decisive engagement during a retrograde operation. A retrograde operation is designed to preserve the integrity of a force until the offense can be resumed. An inherent task is to inflict as much damage on enemy forces as the situation permits. Mortars participate in the retrograde by providing responsive indirect fire support to harass, deceive, delay, destroy, suppress, obscure, or illuminate the enemy.

3505. Mortar Units Supporting Retrograde Operations. Mortar units supporting the delay or withdrawal provide the commander with a quick and effective means to support his maneuver. Mortar fire can be used to screen the movement of friendly units between positions and delay lines, or to suppress enemy weapons so the maneuver platoons can move to break contact without heavy enemy fire. Positioning of ammunition must be planned to allow for an increased use of smoke. Mortar fires may be used to deceive the enemy by maintaining a heavy volume of fire while friendly elements withdraw.

a. Displacements. In a delay or withdrawal, the mortar unit plans its displacement so that it is in position to fire when needed. When and how to displace is based on how far the mortars are behind the forward units, how far to the rear those units will move, and the intensity of enemy contact. The mortar platoon usually displaces by section.

b. Security Forces.

(1) In the withdrawal, the mortar unit can be effective when employed in support of the security force. Employing mortars in split sections allows the mortars to be used in the deception plan and to support withdrawing maneuver elements. An effort must be made to keep mortar fire at the same level during withdrawal to increase the effectiveness of the deception plan.

(2) A section or squad can be attached or placed under OPCON of the security force or detachment in contact. If enemy pressure is great, the entire mortar platoon can be employed to support the disengagement.

Section VI. Displacement

After he considers the scheme of maneuver and the commander's guidance, the mortar leader develops a displacement plan based on his part of the fire plan. The displacement plan normally includes a map overlay that shows initial positions and subsequent positions. Alternate and supplemental positions are selected if time permits. The displacement plan also includes routes to be taken between positions and any pertinent control measures to support a specific operation or for a specific time (Figure 3-2).

Figure 3-2. Methods of displacement

3601. Displacement Timing. The battalion or company commander controls the displacement of the mortar platoon or section in one of two ways:

a. On Order. The commander can direct the mortar platoon/section to displace only on order (the most restrictive manner to control displacement). The commander orders the mortars to displace or, in the case of the mortar platoon, directs the operations officer or FSC to relay the order.

(1) The mortar unit must keep the battalion COC or company commander informed of their status. At a minimum, they report whenever their fires are falling beyond two-thirds of the maximum range in the offense or less than one-third of the range in the defense. These reports help the commander make timely decisions about mortar displacement. The mortar leader keeps himself informed of the combat situation so he can anticipate the order to displace and be prepared to execute it. If mortar leader feels he must displace, he informs the battalion or company commander of the situation and requests permission.

(2) If the mortar leader loses total communications with the COC or company commander, he uses his best judgment (in accordance with the commander's intent) about when to displace and tries all possible means to reestablish communications.

(3) If he cannot reestablish contact, the unit leader changes to the command frequency of the company (or platoon) having the priority of mortar fires to reestablish his link to the battle. He must play an active role in keeping the lines of communication open to maintain effective fires.

b. By Event. The commander can direct the mortars to displace whenever certain predetermined events occur. This is less restrictive but reduces the flexibility of the battalion or company commander.

(1) An event-oriented displacement plan is established based on a time schedule, planned phases of an operation, the crossing of designated phase lines, or the receipt of code words signifying some event. Whatever events are chosen, the mortar leader anticipates the one most likely to happen next and is ready to execute the displacement plan immediately. He monitors communications to learn when a specified event occurs. If he loses communications, he actively seeks information as to the course of the battle once communication is restored.

(2) When the situation changes and the platoon leader feels he must displace out of order with events, he informs the COC or company commander and requests permission. If communications are lost, he makes a judgment (in accordance with the commander's intent). He always seeks to take whatever action is needed to keep the mortar platoon in range and in communication with the supported maneuver elements.

3602. Displacement Planning. The nature of ground combat and the potential for situations to rapidly change require mortar units to always be prepared to displace in order to continue to provide the necessary indirect fire support and enhance survivability. Detailed displacement planning coordinates the movement of the mortars with the needs and timing of the supported unit's needs for fire support. After a tentative displacement plan has been developed, the advance party conducts a reconnaissance to verify routes and positions. Once the displacement plan is finalized, copies of the overlay are distributed to the commander or operations officer, the FSC, the platoon sergeant and section leader, or the FDC chief. This plan is used to help control the movement of mortars. As the tactical situation and mission change, the displacement plan is updated.

a. Offensive Operations. To support offensive operations, the plan must permit rapid displacement of the mortars while maintaining the capability to provide continuous fire support. It must be flexible to allow for changes in the scheme of maneuver. The enemy situation, the distance to be covered, and the requirement for continuous fire support determine the number of mortars to be moved at one time and the displacement technique.

b. Defensive Operations. A defensive displacement plan has the same requirements as an offensive plan. However, displacement plans in the defense may require extensive use of alternate and supplementary positions. Plans in the defense should also anticipates future operations and include displacements to support a decision to resume the offense or conduct a retrograde operation.

c. Retrograde Operations. During retrograde operations, initial employment of mortars may be by platoon or section, depending on the situation and frontage to be covered. Displacements are planned to provide continuous mortar fire support throughout the operation. Plans should include designated locations for staging ammunition, when possible. Close coordination and communication with supported elements is required so that displacements are timed to allow the mortars to move in advance of maneuver elements.

Section VII. Displacement Techniques

The battalion and company commander's operations order provides the information and guidance required to determine which displacement technique to employ. The displacement technique used for a particular operation depends on the factors of METT-T. Specific considerations include:

w Scheme of maneuver of supported unit.

w Enemy activity.

w Trafficability of terrain.

w Number of sections/mortars in the platoon.

w Availability of supporting field artillery.

w Time available.

3701. 81-mm Mortar Platoon

a. Displacement by Platoon. Displacement by platoon is used when there is little immediate likelihood of enemy contact. Artillery can provide adequate support during displacement, or when a unit is mounted and is planning on moving a long distance in a short period of time.. This technique requires the platoon to displace all of its mortars in one move. This is the fastest way to displace; however, the platoon cannot provide immediate responsive fire support while moving. If the platoon must fire during movement, it uses emergency techniques of engagement. Movements from the assembly area to the initial firing position are usually by platoon.

b. Displacement by Section. This technique requires one section to remain in position and ready to fire while the other section moves. When the displacing section is in position and ready to fire, the remaining section displaces. Each section displaces with a portion of the platoon FDC. Displacing by sections is accomplished when continuous fire support from the mortars is required. Since one section must by ready to provide fire support while the other section moves, this technique is slower than displacement by platoon.

c. Displacement by Squad(s) or Section (-). This technique is similar to displacement by sections except fewer mortars are involved (one or two). When the mortar(s) are in position and ready to fire, the remaining mortars are displaced. Squad(s) displace by successive or alternate bounds (Figure 3-3). Alternate bounds are normally used when displacement must be rapid in order to stay up with supported elements. Successive bounds are used when the maneuver element's movements are not so rapid such as in the defensive. When possible, part of the FDC is sent with the displacing squad(s) or a squad leader serves as the temporary FDC accompanies the squad with an M16 plotting board.

Figure 3-3. Alternate and Successive Bounds

3702. 60mm Mortar Section

a. Displacement by Section. This technique requires all the mortars of the company mortar section to displace all its mortars in a single move. It is the fastest method for displacing the company's mortars, the easiest to control, and eases security requirements for the mortars. While the 60-mm mortar cannot fire on the move, the nature of the weapon system allows it to be brought quickly into action against a target of opportunity. Plans should allow for this limitation and the reliance on other supporting arms for fire support.

b. Displacement by Squad(s) or Section (-). Sections with two or three mortars usually employ this technique. In two-mortar sections, displacement involves displacing one mortar while the other provides continuous support. In three-mortar sections, one or two mortars remain in place while one displaces. While fire delivered in more responsive than when moving by section, the density and lethality of the fire from less than a section of mortars is reduced.

illo · December 22, 2000

Huh... my mortars are effective as hell. Also way too accurate. they hit tanks top easily from 400m distance. Unrealistic IMHO..dispersion should be much wider.

If i have 2 mortanrs in Battle i usullay can destroy 2tanks, 4 halftracks or 4TDs with it.

I had TCP IP game where ALL my armor was knocked out by on-map mortars. After enemy armor was eliminated.

heh..mortars not effective? Mortars must be most effective weapon in game...they can easily kill 2 tanks without risking themselves. Even panther cant do that!

von Schalburg · December 22, 2000

I use my morters as a backup weapon, when I take a american company, I leave the morters with the CO. Place him in a position where he can see all of his units.

3 60mm morters can rain death on the enemy.

They need to be placed in cover, out of sight out of mind.

------------------

PanzerLeid

Mit donnernden Motoren, So schnell wie der Blitz,

Dem Deinde entgegen,

Im Panzer geschützt.

Voraus den Kameraden

Im Kampfe ganz allein,

Steh'n wir allein,

So stossen wir tief

In die feindlichen Reihn.

von Schalburg

Jeff Duquette · December 22, 2000

you have to read all that **** above before we can carry on with this disscussion We all need a common frame of reference to start from otherwise further talk is usless

December 22, 2000

Done.

Croda · December 22, 2000

It would be really cool if someone could post information from official Army manuals so that we could all read up and then have an informed discussion. Does anyone have access to anything like that?

------------------

WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! -

THIS SIG FILE BELONGS TO A COMPLETE FOO.

MR T WOULDN'T BE SO KIND AS TO WRINKLE AN EYEBROW AT THIS UNFORTUNATE BEING. PLEASE OFFER HIS PARENTS AND COHABITANTS ALL SYMPATHY POSSIBLE. MAY BE CONTAGIOUS. CONTAINS ARTIFICIAL SWEETNER, INTELLIGENCE AND WIT. STAND WELL CLEAR AND LIGHT WICK. BY ORDER PETERNZ

Damn Croda. That is one funny sig!!!

must suck to be you - Hiram Sedai

Jeff Duquette · December 22, 2000

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>It would be really cool if someone could post information from official Army manuals so that we could all read up and then have an informed discussion. Does anyone have access to anything like that?<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>

So what...Marine Corps Manuals aint good enough for yah?

Mark IV · December 22, 2000

The problem is, no pitchers... try:

http://rt66.com/~korteng/SmallArms/60mm19.htm

(I thought it might be bad form to post a direct link.)

Los · December 23, 2000

A couple caveats when trying to apply modern manuals (even potential 1950s manuals) to WW2 in particular the cited example above. (It is only as an absolute last resort that we ever defaulted to any modern source and the examples can be counted on one hand such as burn time for smoke arty and mortar rounds) A modern company mortar section has normally a crew of 4 to 5 (varies with service and time/OB currently in use), section leader, gunner, assitant gunner, and ammo bearer(s). The two critical components are:

1. In current doctrine the section has the equipment, capability and training to form it's own mini FDC.

and more importantly...

2. Each tube has it's own radio!

So if for some reason the comnpany commander was intending to leapfrog his tubes forward, he could have one tube fire IF while the other displaces (albeit in a less efficient mannder since one guys is doing all the FDC, however it's somthing current mortar maggotts do. This is not a WW2 capability in US mortars. Each tube does not lug around it's own radio. Not that there couldn't have been either occasioanl jury-rigged solutions or special units which did make amends for this type of operations (i.e. 1st SSF) which could lead to the occasional example cited in WW2. But we're not in the business coding up every possible jurry rigged solution for every tactical porblem in ww2 land combat. (Or else I'd have sharks with frikken laser beams sticking out of their foreheads)

Keep in mind also that Brit 2" and German 50mm company mortars are primarily direct fire weapons firing from a LOS site not IF weapons.

Now if you want to make mortar ops on map realistic.

1. Add a mortar HQ which serves two purposes, talks to the CO or whoever is spotting and serves as FDC. All tubes would have to remain in command radius of this HQ to do IF. If they detach then they can only do direct lay or direct alignment.

(An ASIDE: Direct lay equals what we know to be direct fire. The tube uses a LOS site to fire on the target. In direct alignment the tube is under cover but can see a spotter and either through voice commands or if they're really good hand an arm signals fire IF while this guy spots. There is not FDC in this case it's just as if the gunners eyeballs were extended another 10-50m.)

2.Enact more sophisticated communications routines between the company/platoon HQs and this mortar HQ modified by experience and OB (i.e. does the OB allow for radios or just wire) Wire more reliable, radio more mobile.

3. Ensure that if the mortar platoon relocated that it requires X amount of turns to pack up and when it stops it requires X amount of turns to setup. Also this X amount of turns to set up is further modified by requiring reestablishment of communications since someone would have had to run wire to the new location from the spotter or hope that there's radio contact.

Of course the other infinately simpler option is to just abstract this in allowing the purchase of a 60mm spotter for the compnay and leave the 60mm's off the map.

Before CM went out we went back and forth over the whole mortar thing very carefully and generated MUCH discussion on this issue. We also consulted some non-CM beta team mortar experts also. The decision to arrive at the current mortar scheme of things was not taken lightly but we also had to work within the current structure of the engine...

Maybe we'll see some changes with on map tubes in CM2 but remember that the Russian's 50mm company mortars and German company mortars (50mm) were used soley as Direct lay high angle fire weapons without IF sighting mechanisms.

Los

Jeff Duquette · December 23, 2000

it was intended as a joke you dont really think anyone on this board would actually read through that. much funner (and easier) to complain.

Chupacabra · December 23, 2000

Is that the Blair Witch in the upper righthand corner?

'cause if it is, Bill Mauldin was into some really weird ****.

------------------

Soy super bien soy super super bien soy bien bien super bien bien bien super super

Jeff Duquette · December 23, 2000

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>1. Add a mortar HQ which serves two purposes, talks to the CO or whoever is spotting and serves as FDC. All tubes would have to remain in command radius of this HQ to do IF. If they detach then they can only do direct lay or direct alignment.

2.Enact more sophisticated communications routines between the company/platoon HQs and this mortar HQ modified by experience and OB (i.e. does the OB allow for radios or just wire) Wire more reliable, radio more mobile.

3. Ensure that if the mortar platoon relocated that it requires X amount of turns to pack up and when it stops it requires X amount of turns to setup. Also this X amount of turns to set up is further modified by requiring reestablishment of communications since someone would have had to run wire to the new location from the spotter or hope that there's radio contact.<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>

Yes to all three for me. I suspect the average flash-banger who wondered in here from Quake IV and kinda liked the “cool tanks” might not be quite as pleased (The guy who still wonders to himself “why can’t I pick up the 75mm from that Panther I just killed”. "Where are the medical pouches that restore health...did BTS leave these out on purpose").

Death to kamakazi jeep recon tactics too please. Is there a button somewheres’ in the game that lets me turn this capability off. Race ahead till your shot-up...than dump HE on the area that the fire eminated from. Jeeze I hate that.

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>Of course the other infinately simpler option is to just abstract this in allowing the purchase of a 60mm spotter for the company and leave the 60mm's off the map.<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>

Might be a good solution in order to maintain both the “simulation” aspects of the game, and the “gee this is a fun game to play” aspects of the game simultaneously.

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>(Or else I'd have sharks with frikken laser beams sticking out of their foreheads)<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>

Will this be an option in CM2? How about machinegun jublies ass well?

<BLOCKQUOTE>quote:<HR>Is that the Blair Witch in the upper righthand corner?<HR></BLOCKQUOTE>

It’s well known that William M. turned to the occult sometime after Anzio. It was either a bad experience with Chianti or Anzio-Anne that pushed him over to the dark side.

On-map mortors

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